Without the eagerness and support of the 23rd Monshu (spiritual leader) of Hongwanji, Ohtani Kosho, the Jodo Shinshu teaching in Europe would not be where it is today. Jodo Shinshu was first introduced into Europe during the mid- 1950's when Harry Pieper, with his deep interest in the teaching became the first European to receive the confirmation rite. Later, through the overwhelming support of the International Association of Buddhist Culture (IABC), activities such as conferences on Jodo Shinshu, which would later become the biannual European Shin Conference, have been made possible. Today, sanghas throughout various areas in Europe share in the appreciation of the Jodo Shinshu teaching and are recognized affiliates of Hongwanji.